Abstract Our oral cavity and body are closely interconnected. Poor oral health can adversely affect overall health. A healthy oral microbiome helps maintain general well-being, whereas improper oral hygiene and lack of awareness can lead to an increase in harmful bacteria and the development of various diseases. Gum diseases such as gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) and periodontitis (inflammation involving…
Read Article →Chronic liver diseases often progress through stages of inflammation, fibrosis, and ultimately cirrhosis. Detecting fibrosis at an early stage is critical because the process may be partially reversible if the underlying cause is addressed. Historically, liver biopsy has been considered the reference standard for fibrosis evaluation. However, biopsy has several drawbacks, including invasiveness, sampling error, and difficulty in performing repeated…
Read Article →Abstract Gum bleeding is commonly a symptom of gingivitis (inflammation of the gums), but it may also occur due to periodontitis, nutritional deficiencies, hormonal changes, certain medications, systemic diseases, or blood disorders. The causes can vary, so a proper diagnosis and treatment plan are important for effective management. Maintaining good oral hygiene helps prevent plaque buildup on the teeth and…
Read Article →Indocyanine Green (ICG) Clearance Test Abstract The liver plays a critical role in metabolism, detoxification, synthesis of proteins, and excretion of metabolic waste. Evaluating the functional capacity of the liver is essential for diagnosing liver disease and determining the safety of surgical interventions involving hepatic tissue. Traditional liver function tests such as bilirubin, transaminases, and albumin provide indirect information about…
Read Article →Abstract The relationship between oral health and autoimmune disorders has gained increasing attention in recent years due to the close interaction between the immune system and the oral cavity. Autoimmune diseases can affect various oral tissues, leading to complications such as dry mouth, oral ulcers, gum disease, and tooth decay. Conversely, chronic oral inflammation, particularly periodontal disease, may contribute to…
Read Article →Abstract Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands, characterized by a heterogeneous mixture of mucous, epidermoid, and intermediate cells. It exhibits a wide biological spectrum ranging from low-grade indolent lesions to high-grade aggressive malignancies with metastatic potential. Although it most frequently arises in the parotid gland, MEC can also develop in minor salivary glands,…
Read Article →Abstract The larynx plays a critical role in phonation, respiration, and airway protection and is anatomically divided into the supraglottis, glottis, and subglottis. The subglottic region extends from approximately 1 cm below the vocal cords to the inferior margin of the cricoid cartilage. Malignancies originating in this region are uncommon but clinically significant due to their tendency for circumferential spread,…
Read Article →Abstract Glottis cancer is a malignant tumor originating from the true vocal cords within the larynx and is predominantly of squamous cell origin. It represents the most frequently diagnosed subtype of laryngeal cancer and is notable for its early clinical presentation due to voice-related symptoms. Early detection often allows organ-preserving treatment with excellent survival outcomes. Despite favorable prognosis in early…
Read Article →Abstract Modern lifestyle patterns, including sedentary behavior, irregular food habits, and increased intake of processed foods, have led to a rise in digestive disorders such as chronic constipation. This condition plays a major role in the development of hemorrhoids (piles), which are swollen vascular cushions in the anal canal that become symptomatic due to increased pressure and straining. Over time,…
Read Article →Abstract The liver performs numerous vital physiological functions including detoxification, protein synthesis, bile production, and metabolic regulation. Chronic liver diseases gradually impair these functions through inflammation, fibrosis, and cellular damage. Early detection of liver pathology is critical for preventing disease progression and improving patient outcomes. Traditional liver function tests such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and bilirubin provide…
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