Cardiovascular diseases remain one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Medications such as Carvedilol play a vital role in the management of hypertension, chronic heart failure, and left ventricular dysfunction by reducing sympathetic overactivity and improving cardiac function. Unlike conventional beta-blockers, Carvedilol exhibits dual action by blocking both β-adrenergic and α1-adrenergic receptors while also exerting antioxidant and…
ABSTRACT Heart diseases or Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally these days. CVD refers to a group of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, including coronary artery disease (CAD), heart attacks (myocardial infarction), heart failure, and arrhythmias. One of the key mechanisms leading to many of these conditions is atherosclerosis, where plaque buildup in…