Abstract Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive condition characterised by persistent abnormalities in kidney structure or function, with consequences for fluid balance, waste removal, electrolyte regulation, and overall metabolic health. Common contributing factors include diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, recurrent kidney injury, and certain hereditary or inflammatory disorders. CKD represents a substantial and growing global health burden, affecting hundreds of…
Abstract Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the large intestine that primarily affects the colonic mucosa and usually begins in the rectum, extending continuously to varying portions of the colon. It commonly causes bloody diarrhoea, frequent stools, abdominal discomfort, urgency, and tenesmus, with symptoms fluctuating between active disease and remission. The development of UC involves an abnormal…