Abstract Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is often described as a silent disease because the kidneys can lose substantial function before obvious symptoms appear. Behind this silence, millions of nephrons may gradually decline, affecting fluid balance, blood pressure, mineral metabolism, and waste removal. Diabetes and hypertension remain major drivers, while glomerular, hereditary, obstructive, and systemic diseases can also contribute. Early detection…
ABSTRACT Kidney function may be disturbed by diseases or as a side effects of various modern medicines used for extra renal disorders such as for hypertension or heart related disorders etc. The decline in kidney function can be of two types on the basis of severity i.e. acute or chronic. Acute kidney failure is caused by diseases like acute glomerulonephritis,…