ABSTRACT Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major health concern that is marked by an irreversible and gradual loss of kidney function, which leads to the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes and electrolyte imbalance. From a modern clinical viewpoint, CKD commonly results from glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or long-term use of nephrotoxic drugs. It deteriorates through five stages, ultimately leading to…
Abstract Kidney failure, also known as renal failure, is a growing global health concern, affecting millions worldwide. The incidence of kidney failure is rising due to increasing rates of underlying diseases such as hypertension and diabetes as well as risk factors like poor diet, smoking and environmental factors. Early diagnosis through regular screening, particularly for at-risk populations, enables timely intervention…