Abstract Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is often described as a silent disease because the kidneys can lose substantial function before obvious symptoms appear. Behind this silence, millions of nephrons may gradually decline, affecting fluid balance, blood pressure, mineral metabolism, and waste removal. Diabetes and hypertension remain major drivers, while glomerular, hereditary, obstructive, and systemic diseases can also contribute. Early detection…
ABSTRACT Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major health concern that is marked by an irreversible and gradual loss of kidney function, which leads to the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes and electrolyte imbalance. From a modern clinical viewpoint, CKD commonly results from glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or long-term use of nephrotoxic drugs. It deteriorates through five stages, ultimately leading to…