ABSTRACT Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major health concern that is marked by an irreversible and gradual loss of kidney function, which leads to the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes and electrolyte imbalance. From a modern clinical viewpoint, CKD commonly results from glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or long-term use of nephrotoxic drugs. It deteriorates through five stages, ultimately leading to…